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The Heart (qalb)
- In the Islamic tradition, the heart is the centre of the human being. Much more than just the physical organ that circulates blood throughout the body, the heart is central to the physical, emotional, intellective, ethical, and spiritual life of Muslims. The Qur’an and Hadith have provided ...
- Author
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oludamini Ogunnaike
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Substance Dualist Theological Anthropology
- This article explores a conception of the human from a substantival perspective of the wider Christian tradition. After a general survey of substance dualist theological anthropology, the article focuses on the interplay between human constitution and the imago Dei (image of God). By focusi...
- Author
- Joshua Farris
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Angels (malāʾika)
- After a short overview of angels in Islam, this entry begins with a description of the role angels play in the Qur’an, focusing on their appearance in prophetic narratives, in descriptions of heaven and hell, and in debates the Qur’an has with its polytheist interlocutors. While the Qur’an ...
- Author
- Stephen Burge
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Problem of Evil
- This article examines approaches to the problem of evil in historical and contemporary Jewish theology. The material is structured conceptually rather than as a chronological survey. The introduction contrasts classical Jewish formulations of the problem of evil with the standard formulations...
- Author
- Michael J. Harris
- Faith tradition
- Judaism
- Topics
- Being and existence
Evil and Suffering
- The empirical fact of suffering in God’s world provides a significant and indicative theme for Islamic thought. Already forming part of the Qur’an’s diagnosis of the human condition, as exemplified with particular amplitude in the lives of the prophets, a consideration of suffering features...
- Author
- Tim Winter
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Divine Unicity (tawḥīd)
- The Arabic word tawḥīd is a transitive verb; it means ‘to make [something] one’ or ‘to unify’ something. In the context of Islamic belief and practice, tawḥīd means to profess the unity and uniqueness of God and stands as a core defining principle of Islam. Muslims attest to tawḥīd through ...
- Author
- Khalil Andani
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Truth and Reality (ḥaqq and ḥaqīqa)
- This entry investigates the singular Islamic theme of al-ḥaqq and al-ḥaqīqa (truth and reality), with particular attention being given to the mystical tradition of Islam. Since there are numerous meanings underpinning al-ḥaqq, including truth, reality, fact, rightness, established, and nece...
- Author
- Mukhtar H. Ali
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Perfect Human (al-insān al-kāmil)
- The Islamic mystical doctrine of the perfect human (al-insān al-kāmil) – whose bodily existence is deemed to mark the culmination of the cosmic process of divine self-disclosure – has had a lasting impact on Sufi thought and practice from the late medieval period onwards. It has also filter...
- Author
- Richard Todd
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Image of God (Imago Dei)
- Imago Dei is a key concept in theological anthropology. This article examines its biblical use in Genesis and in the writings of Paul. In both cases, a crucial question is whether the image of God refers to aspects of human existence or to a reality in God in which humans participate. Furth...
- Author
- Peter Søes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Immanent and Economic Trinity
- The immanent and the economic Trinity refer to the distinction and relation of the Trinity in its immanent and economic aspects. This is a central concern of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. This article explores (1) the development of the concepts relevant to this doctrinal locus tha...
- Author
- Mark P. Hertenstein
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
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