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Love in Christian Ethics
- Love is understood in Christian thought, following Jesus’ teaching and New Testament reflection, as the summative category of moral value and obligation, comprehensive and interpretative of all other moral norms. But since love is not a uniform phenomenon, distinctions of types of love have...
- Author
- Oliver O’Donovan
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Hell
- In contemporary English, ‘hell’ is almost always used to refer either literally or metaphorically to a place of post-mortem punishment. However, in a longer perspective, the term was once commonly used to allude to the underworld more generally. In the latter sense in the Catholic West it b...
- Author
- David Brown
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus’ Preexistence and Incarnation
- This article defines the doctrinal concepts of ‘preexistence’ and ‘incarnation’ as they are applied to Jesus Christ. It explores the doctrine of the incarnation in Christian scripture as it was interpreted by the first seven ecumenical councils of the ancient church. It argues that these ...
- Author
- David Moser
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Goodness, Holiness, and Love of God
- What is true of God? And what is God like? What are God’s qualities? These are perennial questions in theology. These questions receive an answer via the doctrine of the divine attributes. The doctrine unfolds God’s names, what is true of the one essence of the one God, Father, Son, and Hol...
- Author
- Christopher R. J. Holmes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus as Substitute
- This article explores the complex notion of Jesus as substitute in Christian theology, situating this topic within the doctrine of the atonement in general. It considers the role of ‘theories’ of the atonement, and provides a biblical/historical/theological overview of substitution in gener...
- Author
- Adam Johnson
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Heaven
- Beyond its basic meaning as the divine dwelling place, the idea in Christian theology of heaven as the ultimate (or penultimate) destiny of human beings is where most reflection has focused, and where most problems arise. The first part of this entry explores conceptual issues, the second...
- Author
- David Brown
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
God and Philosophy of Time
- What Christians call ‘creation’ is fundamentally, inescapably, and entirely temporal. Humans, too, are temporal beings. As such, understanding the nature of time has been a philosophical pursuit since the pre-Socratic philosophers. Theologians have not been exempted from this interest, an...
- Author
- Emily Qureshi-Hurst
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Grace in Roman Catholic Theology
- Grace may be described as the gratuitous self-communication of God through Christ in the Holy Spirit. The term also refers to the living, actual, and continuous experience humans have of this saving event. In a wholly unmerited way, the Spirit of the risen Christ becomes present in the chur...
- Author
- Paul O’Callaghan and Catalina Vial de Amesti
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Self (nafs)
- This entry provides a comprehensive overview of the major themes, questions, and developments concerning the concept of the self in Islamic thought. Beginning with the Qur’an and then following the various streams of Islamic thought, such as theology (kalām), philosophy (falsafa), and Sufis...
- Author
- Muhammad Faruque
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Primordial Human Nature (fiṭra)
- The concept of fiṭra (primordial human nature or natural disposition) plays an important role in Islamic theological anthropology. It is first and foremost a scriptural concept, being present both within the Qur’an (Q. 30:30) and the Hadith (especially the hadith ‘every child is born upon t...
- Author
- Ramon Harvey
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
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