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Jesus’ Descent into Hell
- The Apostles’ Creed affirms that, between his death and resurrection, Jesus Christ descendit ad inferna, ‘descended to the realm of the dead’ or, more traditionally, ‘descended into hell’. Christians across time and history have expressed particular interpretations of this clause in liturgy...
- Author
- Preston McDaniel Hill and Catherine Ella Laufer
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Iblīs
- Iblīs is the name of a spiritual being reported within a single narrative told in varying forms in seven sūras of the Qur’an. He then develops in subsequent tradition into the dedicated adversary of humanity. The foundational story is that, having created Adam, God commands the angels to bo...
- Author
- Whitney Bodman
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Free Will
- Free will is a perennial theological and philosophical topic. As a central dogmatic locus, it has been implicated in debates about core Christian doctrines, such as grace, salvation, sin, providence, evil, and predestination. Despite its venerable history in both philosophy and theology, ...
- Author
- Aku Visala
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Ethics
Causality
- Causality is not only a central concept in philosophy and theology but also a basic aspect of human thought and speech. Causal words such as ‘making’, ‘doing’, ‘producing’, and so on, are in constant use. Philosophers have been discussing causality ever since philosophy began. Theologians r...
- Author
- Michael J. Dodds O.P.
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Philosophy and science
Embodiment and Liturgy
- People assembled in worship and prayer constitutes one of the most common images of the Christian religion; indeed, it is often what people have in mind when they say ‘church’. While Christian worship has developed patterns and content specific to its beliefs from the New Testament period...
- Author
- Bruce T. Morrill
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Spiritual life and practices, Being and existence
Reconciliation
- In Christian theology and political philosophy, five partially overlapping areas of meaning are treated in terms of reconciliation. (1) Dogmatic theology often operates with an umbrella concept covering the entire work of Christ. (2) Philosophical theology employs a concept of atonement/rec...
- Author
- Risto Saarinen
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Ethics
Mind and Consciousness
- Mind and consciousness are philosophically and theologically significant in many religious and secular traditions. This article focuses on the importance of the concepts of mind and consciousness in Christian theological views of human nature and God. Christian theological teachings that ...
- Author
- Charles Taliaferro
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Philosophy and science
Theology and Evolution
- Ever since their emergence in nineteenth-century natural philosophy, theories of biological evolution have prompted religious believers to revisit traditional theological views of the world, humanity, and even God. This entry will first clarify the various strands of meaning to be discerned...
- Author
- Gijsbert van den Brink
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Philosophy and science, Being and existence
The Last Judgment
- The last judgment is widely understood in Christianity as something which will take place in the eschata or eschaton (sometimes called ‘the end times’), with only marginal significance for everyday life. A closer look reveals this notion to be misguided. Understanding the last judgment as a...
- Author
- Markus Mühling
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Law
Bhakti
- At the heart of many forms of Hinduism is a multiple-layered vision of becoming concentred in the divine reality. Across three millennia of Hindu socioreligious history, various texts, teachers, and traditions have envisioned a world suffused with divine presence within which individuals ar...
- Author
- Ankur Barua
- Faith tradition
- Hinduism
- Topics
- Being and existence, Spiritual life and practices
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