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Providence
- Though not linguistically prominent in Christian scripture, the theology of providence captures several recurring scriptural themes. These include the order of the cosmos, the wisdom reflected in the natural and social worlds, the direction of the history of Israel and the church, and the...
- Author
- David Fergusson
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Love in Christian Ethics
- Love is understood in Christian thought, following Jesus’ teaching and New Testament reflection, as the summative category of moral value and obligation, comprehensive and interpretative of all other moral norms. But since love is not a uniform phenomenon, distinctions of types of love have...
- Author
- Oliver O’Donovan
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Hell
- In contemporary English, ‘hell’ is almost always used to refer either literally or metaphorically to a place of post-mortem punishment. However, in a longer perspective, the term was once commonly used to allude to the underworld more generally. In the latter sense in the Catholic West it b...
- Author
- David Brown
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus’ Preexistence and Incarnation
- This article defines the doctrinal concepts of ‘preexistence’ and ‘incarnation’ as they are applied to Jesus Christ. It explores the doctrine of the incarnation in Christian scripture as it was interpreted by the first seven ecumenical councils of the ancient church. It argues that these ...
- Author
- David Moser
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Goodness, Holiness, and Love of God
- What is true of God? And what is God like? What are God’s qualities? These are perennial questions in theology. These questions receive an answer via the doctrine of the divine attributes. The doctrine unfolds God’s names, what is true of the one essence of the one God, Father, Son, and Hol...
- Author
- Christopher R. J. Holmes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus as Substitute
- This article explores the complex notion of Jesus as substitute in Christian theology, situating this topic within the doctrine of the atonement in general. It considers the role of ‘theories’ of the atonement, and provides a biblical/historical/theological overview of substitution in gener...
- Author
- Adam Johnson
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Heaven
- Beyond its basic meaning as the divine dwelling place, the idea in Christian theology of heaven as the ultimate (or penultimate) destiny of human beings is where most reflection has focused, and where most problems arise. The first part of this entry explores conceptual issues, the second...
- Author
- David Brown
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
God and Philosophy of Time
- What Christians call ‘creation’ is fundamentally, inescapably, and entirely temporal. Humans, too, are temporal beings. As such, understanding the nature of time has been a philosophical pursuit since the pre-Socratic philosophers. Theologians have not been exempted from this interest, an...
- Author
- Emily Qureshi-Hurst
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Grace in Roman Catholic Theology
- Grace may be described as the gratuitous self-communication of God through Christ in the Holy Spirit. The term also refers to the living, actual, and continuous experience humans have of this saving event. In a wholly unmerited way, the Spirit of the risen Christ becomes present in the chur...
- Author
- Paul O’Callaghan and Catalina Vial de Amesti
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus’ Descent into Hell
- The Apostles’ Creed affirms that, between his death and resurrection, Jesus Christ descendit ad inferna, ‘descended to the realm of the dead’ or, more traditionally, ‘descended into hell’. Christians across time and history have expressed particular interpretations of this clause in liturgy...
- Author
- Preston McDaniel Hill and Catherine Ella Laufer
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
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