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Justification
- Within Christian theology, justification refers to the act whereby human beings are established as righteous before God. The doctrine of justification is distinct within the history of theology both for the importance ascribed to it – Martin Luther, as one prominent example, asserts that the ...
- Author
- Matthew J. Thomas
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus as the Pattern of Love in Atonement
- This article discusses the interpretation of the Christian doctrine of atonement which is usually called the ‘moral influence’ theory. A close analysis will suggest that this theory is better called ‘persuasive love’, since the revelation of God’s love in the death of Christ is central to...
- Author
- Paul Fiddes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus as Substitute
- This article explores the complex notion of Jesus as substitute in Christian theology, situating this topic within the doctrine of the atonement in general. It considers the role of ‘theories’ of the atonement, and provides a biblical/historical/theological overview of substitution in gener...
- Author
- Adam Johnson
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Substance Dualist Theological Anthropology
- This article explores a conception of the human from a substantival perspective of the wider Christian tradition. After a general survey of substance dualist theological anthropology, the article focuses on the interplay between human constitution and the imago Dei (image of God). By focusi...
- Author
- Joshua Farris
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Angels (malāʾika)
- After a short overview of angels in Islam, this entry begins with a description of the role angels play in the Qur’an, focusing on their appearance in prophetic narratives, in descriptions of heaven and hell, and in debates the Qur’an has with its polytheist interlocutors. While the Qur’an ...
- Author
- Stephen Burge
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Heart (qalb)
- In the Islamic tradition, the heart is the centre of the human being. Much more than just the physical organ that circulates blood throughout the body, the heart is central to the physical, emotional, intellective, ethical, and spiritual life of Muslims. The Qur’an and Hadith have provided ...
- Author
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oludamini Ogunnaike
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Divine Unicity (tawḥīd)
- The Arabic word tawḥīd is a transitive verb; it means ‘to make [something] one’ or ‘to unify’ something. In the context of Islamic belief and practice, tawḥīd means to profess the unity and uniqueness of God and stands as a core defining principle of Islam. Muslims attest to tawḥīd through ...
- Author
- Khalil Andani
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus’ Preexistence and Incarnation
- This article defines the doctrinal concepts of ‘preexistence’ and ‘incarnation’ as they are applied to Jesus Christ. It explores the doctrine of the incarnation in Christian scripture as it was interpreted by the first seven ecumenical councils of the ancient church. It argues that these ...
- Author
- David Moser
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Mind and Consciousness
- Mind and consciousness are philosophically and theologically significant in many religious and secular traditions. This article focuses on the importance of the concepts of mind and consciousness in Christian theological views of human nature and God. Christian theological teachings that ...
- Author
- Charles Taliaferro
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Philosophy and science
Theology and Evolution
- Ever since their emergence in nineteenth-century natural philosophy, theories of biological evolution have prompted religious believers to revisit traditional theological views of the world, humanity, and even God. This entry will first clarify the various strands of meaning to be discerned...
- Author
- Gijsbert van den Brink
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Philosophy and science, Being and existence
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