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The Goodness, Holiness, and Love of God
- What is true of God? And what is God like? What are God’s qualities? These are perennial questions in theology. These questions receive an answer via the doctrine of the divine attributes. The doctrine unfolds God’s names, what is true of the one essence of the one God, Father, Son, and Hol...
- Author
- Christopher R. J. Holmes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus as Substitute
- This article explores the complex notion of Jesus as substitute in Christian theology, situating this topic within the doctrine of the atonement in general. It considers the role of ‘theories’ of the atonement, and provides a biblical/historical/theological overview of substitution in gener...
- Author
- Adam Johnson
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Heaven
- Beyond its basic meaning as the divine dwelling place, the idea in Christian theology of heaven as the ultimate (or penultimate) destiny of human beings is where most reflection has focused, and where most problems arise. The first part of this entry explores conceptual issues, the second...
- Author
- David Brown
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
God and Philosophy of Time
- What Christians call ‘creation’ is fundamentally, inescapably, and entirely temporal. Humans, too, are temporal beings. As such, understanding the nature of time has been a philosophical pursuit since the pre-Socratic philosophers. Theologians have not been exempted from this interest, an...
- Author
- Emily Qureshi-Hurst
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Grace in Roman Catholic Theology
- Grace may be described as the gratuitous self-communication of God through Christ in the Holy Spirit. The term also refers to the living, actual, and continuous experience humans have of this saving event. In a wholly unmerited way, the Spirit of the risen Christ becomes present in the chur...
- Author
- Paul O’Callaghan and Catalina Vial de Amesti
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Evil and Suffering
- Evil and suffering are understood within the framework of divine wisdom and human will. The empirical fact of suffering in God’s world provides a significant and indicative theme for Islamic thought. Already forming part of the Qur’an’s diagnosis of the human condition as exemplified with p...
- Author
- Tim Winter
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Truth and Reality (ḥaqq and ḥaqīqa)
- Al-ḥaqq and al-ḥaqīqa (truth and reality) constitute a singular theme within the mystical tradition of Islam. Since there are numerous meanings underpinning al-ḥaqq, including truth, reality, fact, rightness, established, and necessary, we begin by analysing its semantic field then its usag...
- Author
- Mukhtar H. Ali
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Self (nafs)
- In Islamic theology, the concept of the self, or nafs, is a multifaceted construct that encompasses various dimensions of human existence and understanding. This entry provides a comprehensive overview of the major themes, questions, and developments concerning the concept of the self in Is...
- Author
- Muhammad Faruque
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Angels (malāʾika)
- In Islam, angels (malāʾika) are spiritual beings created by God, tasked with various roles that include delivering revelations, recording human deeds, and serving as guardians. After a short overview of angels in Islam, this entry begins with a description of the role angels play in the Qur...
- Author
- Stephen Burge
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Dependent Arising
- This article takes a broadly historical approach, discussing aspects of a topic that is important in each and every phase of the Buddhist tradition. Dependent arising (pratītya-samutpāda) is a key conceptual formulation of the truth (dharma) to which the Buddha is said to have awakened, and t...
- Author
- Dhivan Thomas Jones
- Faith tradition
- Buddhism
- Topics
- Being and existence
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