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Divine Unicity (tawḥīd)
- The Arabic word tawḥīd is a transitive verb; it means ‘to make [something] one’ or ‘to unify’ something. In the context of Islamic belief and practice, tawḥīd means to profess the unity and uniqueness of God and stands as a core defining principle of Islam. Muslims attest to tawḥīd through ...
- Author
- Khalil Andani
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Perfect Human (al-insān al-kāmil)
- The Islamic mystical doctrine of the perfect human (al-insān al-kāmil) – whose bodily existence is deemed to mark the culmination of the cosmic process of divine self-disclosure – has had a lasting impact on Sufi thought and practice from the late medieval period onwards. It has also filter...
- Author
- Richard Todd
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Image of God (Imago Dei)
- Imago Dei is a key concept in theological anthropology. This article examines its biblical use in Genesis and in the writings of Paul. In both cases, a crucial question is whether the image of God refers to aspects of human existence or to a reality in God in which humans participate. Furth...
- Author
- Peter Søes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Immanent and Economic Trinity
- The immanent and the economic Trinity refer to the distinction and relation of the Trinity in its immanent and economic aspects. This is a central concern of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. This article explores (1) the development of the concepts relevant to this doctrinal locus tha...
- Author
- Mark P. Hertenstein
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus’ Descent into Hell
- The Apostles’ Creed affirms that, between his death and resurrection, Jesus Christ descendit ad inferna, ‘descended to the realm of the dead’ or, more traditionally, ‘descended into hell’. Christians across time and history have expressed particular interpretations of this clause in liturgy...
- Author
- Preston McDaniel Hill and Catherine Ella Laufer
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Gender and Buddhist Doctrine
- Women have been part of Buddhism since its inception in India, both as nuns and laity. As the tradition progressed, both within India and beyond, texts and traditions emerged that are or can be perceived as negative towards women. Within Buddhist texts, this negativity is shaped around two ...
- Author
- Alice Collett
- Faith tradition
- Buddhism
- Topics
- Being and existence
The Problem of Evil
- This article examines approaches to the problem of evil in historical and contemporary Jewish theology. The material is structured conceptually rather than as a chronological survey. The introduction contrasts classical Jewish formulations of the problem of evil with the standard formulations...
- Author
- Michael J. Harris
- Faith tradition
- Judaism
- Topics
- Being and existence
Iblīs
- Iblīs is the name of a spiritual being reported within a single narrative told in varying forms in seven sūras of the Qur’an. He then develops in subsequent tradition into the dedicated adversary of humanity. The foundational story is that, having created Adam, God commands the angels to bo...
- Author
- Whitney Bodman
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Jesus as the Pattern of Love in Atonement
- This article discusses the interpretation of the Christian doctrine of atonement which is usually called the ‘moral influence’ theory. A close analysis will suggest that this theory is better called ‘persuasive love’, since the revelation of God’s love in the death of Christ is central to...
- Author
- Paul Fiddes
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Suffering
- Suffering is a topic commonly driven by human questions and experience, with Christians facing these challenges in light of their own sacred scriptures and broad tradition. Individuals and communities are consistently faced with painful situations that provoke them to ask nagging questions,...
- Author
- Kelly M. Kapic
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
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