Ever since their emergence in nineteenth-century natural philosophy, theories of biological evolution have prompted religious believers to revisit traditional theological views of the world, humanity, and even God. This entry will first clarify the various strands of meaning to be discerned...
The Nyāya school of philosophy deals with questions of logic, causation, epistemology, and soteriology. These topics are grounded in, and have implications for, concepts of cognition, perception, and the self. Nyāya philosophy is concerned with attaining liberation through knowledge: for th...
Medical ethics has three interrelated but distinguishable meanings: guild etiquette and moral expectations for physicians; moral concerns directly related to treatment protocols (including issues of patients’ rights); and the general moral assessment of health promotion and disease preventi...
It is no accident that the birth and growth of the modern sciences took place in tandem with the birth and growth of modern biblical criticism within the context of (largely European and North American) Christian societies from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. Both kinds of enterpr...
Causality is not only a central concept in philosophy and theology but also a basic aspect of human thought and speech. Causal words such as ‘making’, ‘doing’, ‘producing’, and so on, are in constant use. Philosophers have been discussing causality ever since philosophy began. Theologians r...