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2. The Self (nafs)

   In Islamic theology, the concept of the self, or nafs, is a multifaceted construct that encompasses various dimensions of human existence and understanding. This entry provides a comprehensive overview of the major themes, questions, and developments concerning the concept of the self in Is...

   ​Author

   Muhammad Faruque

   ​Faith tradition

   Islam

   ​Topics

   Being and existence

3. Science-Engaged Theology

   Over the last seventy years, the field of science-and-religion has become an interdisciplinary area of study, concerned with the relationship between the natural and psychological sciences and religious faith. Within science-and-religion, scientific and theological research have sometimes b...

   ​Author

   Joanna Leidenhag

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Philosophy and science

4. The Nyāya School of Indian Philosophy

   The Nyāya school of philosophy deals with questions of logic, causation, epistemology, and soteriology. These topics are grounded in, and have implications for, concepts of cognition, perception, and the self. Nyāya philosophy is concerned with attaining liberation through knowledge: for th...

   ​Author

   Nirmalya Guha

   ​Faith tradition

   Hinduism

   ​Topics

   Philosophy and science, Theological methods

5. Wisdom in the Old Testament

   This article takes a thematic approach to commonalities between the three main wisdom books in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible (OT/HB; sections 1–3), and then looks briefly at apocryphal and New Testament (NT) developments (section 4). The first section covers the acquisition of wisdom; it...

   ​Author

   Katharine Dell

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Sacred texts

6. Recognition (maʿrifa)

   Maʿrifa and the less commonly used ʿirfān are verbal nouns derived from the root ʿ-r-f (for the various meanings of this root, see Lane’s Lexicon, s.v. ʿ-r-f). Like ʿilm, which is often considered its synonym, maʿrifa means ‘to know’. Scholars in all disciplines have offered definitions and...

   ​Author

   William C. Chittick and Mohammed Rustom

   ​Faith tradition

   Islam

   ​Topics

   Philosophy and science

7. Love in Christian Ethics

   Love is understood in Christian thought, following Jesus’ teaching and New Testament reflection, as the summative category of moral value and obligation, comprehensive and interpretative of all other moral norms. But since love is not a uniform phenomenon, distinctions of types of love have...

   ​Author

   Oliver O’Donovan

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Being and existence

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