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2. Hope

   In Christian theology, hope denotes an attitude that evaluates one’s present condition in relation to a desired outcome and the possibilities of attaining it. In ancient Greek literature, hope is not considered a virtue; rather, many classical works portray it negatively. It is only with th...

   ​Author

   Olli-Pekka Vainio

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Spiritual life and practices

3. Death and Afterlife

   Death appears in many guises within Judaism. The Hebrew Bible, which forms the basis for all subsequent thinking, treats death as a punishment for sin and source of ritual impurity. While it acknowledges the virtue of a timely death, the emphasis remains on embodied life and the present moment.

   ​Author

   Harris Bor

   ​Faith tradition

   Judaism

   ​Topics

   Being and existence, Spiritual life and practices

4. Angels (malāʾika)

   In Islam, angels (malāʾika) are spiritual beings created by God, tasked with various roles that include delivering revelations, recording human deeds, and serving as guardians. After a short overview of angels in Islam, this entry begins with a description of the role angels play in the Qur...

   ​Author

   Stephen Burge

   ​Faith tradition

   Islam

   ​Topics

   Being and existence

5. Resurrection of the Dead

   This article explores the Christian notion of the resurrection of the dead under four headings: finality, individuality, communality and hope. For each, it takes its starting point in 1 Corinthians 15, and from there explores the debates and controversies associated with each basic affirmat...

   ​Author

   Susannah Ticciati

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Sacred texts

6. New Creation in the Christian Scriptures and Tradition

   This entry analyses biblical and subsequent Christian approaches to new creation, under the rubrics ‘the good’, ‘the new’, and ‘the beautiful’. The introduction sketches points of debate: ‘new creation’ as realized or eschatological, renewed or utterly new, as heaven or New Jerusalem, and...

   ​Author

   Edith M. Humphrey

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Sacred texts

7. Purgatory in Historical Perspective

   Purgatory is a place, state, or stage in the Christian afterlife where, after death, the soul is purged of minor, unexpiated sin so that it can be fit for heaven. ‘Purgatory’ derives from the Latin purgare (to purge) and hence as the noun purgatorium it is a place of purgation and purific...

   ​Author

   Isabel Moreira

   ​Faith tradition

   Christianity

   ​Topics

   Being and existence

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