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Christian Views of Islam
Their respective contributions on the incarnation and the Trinity are particularly significant ( Griffith 2002a ; 2008 ).
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Christian views of Islam have evolved significantly over the centuries, reflecting a complex interplay of theological interpretations and historical contexts. In the contemporary world, Christians and Muslims make up the world’s two largest religious communities, together comprising somewhe...
- Author
- Hugh Goddard
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theology of religions
The Last Judgment
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The last judgment is widely understood in Christianity as something which will take place in the eschata or eschaton (sometimes called ‘the end times’), with only marginal significance for everyday life. A closer look reveals this notion to be misguided. Understanding the last judgment as a...
- Author
- Markus Mühling
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Law
Ecumenism and Church Relations
Essentially, the unity of the Church is understood to derive from the unity of the Trinity (see Divine Simplicity ) and the person of Jesus Christ.
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Ecumenism refers to the wide and multifaceted movement to advance Christian fellowship and the unity of the church. The contemporary ecumenical movement was preceded by nineteenth-century missionary and youth movements mobilizing Christians from various church backgrounds. Ecumenical pray...
- Author
- Minna Hietamäki
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theological movements
Christological Anthropology
Consequently, the christological focus of such an anthropology stems from the idea that the incarnate Son is the one in whom true humanity is revealed and not from any sense that the Trinity and/or the Holy Spirit are less significant for understanding human existence.
5.2 Biblical criticisms
The first set of concerns deals with whether a christocentric approach to anthropology adequately accounts for the way the biblical texts themselves talk about the human person.
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Theologians have long maintained that Christology is vital for a properly theological understanding of the human person. Patristic theology maintained an intrinsic link between the humanity revealed in Christ and that which we ought to believe about humanity in general (), an emphasis that ...
- Author
- Marc Cortez and Daniel Lee Hill
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Reconciliation
A similar remark is found, for instance, in Retractations 1.24.2.
In The Trinity 4.3.19 Augustine speaks of the sacrifice, in which Christ offers himself, being also the recipient and the beneficiary of this self-giving, so that ‘this true mediator, in reconciling us to God by his sacrifice of peace, would remain one with him to whom he offered it’ ( Augustine of Hippo 1991 ).
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In Christian theology and political philosophy, five partially overlapping areas of meaning are treated in terms of reconciliation. (1) Dogmatic theology often operates with an umbrella concept covering the entire work of Christ. (2) Philosophical theology employs a concept of atonement/rec...
- Author
- Risto Saarinen
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence, Ethics
Jesus’ Descent into Hell
The ‘whole Christ’ was present in hell, meaning not just the human soul of Christ but the human soul united to the divine Person, the second member of the Trinity ( ST 3a52.3; 1965 : 163 ).
Aquinas then lists the possible subjects of the harrowing: the patriarchs, unbaptized infants who died in original sin, souls in purgatory , and/or the damned ( ST 3a.52).
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The Apostles’ Creed affirms that, between his death and resurrection, Jesus Christ descendit ad inferna, ‘descended to the realm of the dead’ or, more traditionally, ‘descended into hell’. Christians across time and history have expressed particular interpretations of this clause in liturgy...
- Author
- Preston McDaniel Hill and Catherine Ella Laufer
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Postliberal Theology
Drawing from Moltmann, Placher also suggests that, like the Trinity, a postliberal theological perspective of community displays unity with a respect for difference, without one or the other in any way discounted.
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Postliberal theology is an overarching, but not monolithic, narrative-focused theological sensibility that moves beyond the conservative/liberal divide. Not to be confused with political ‘postliberalism’ – a response to liberal, market-driven economics – postliberal theology is a distinct...
- Author
- Ronald T. Michener
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theological methods
Faith
Rather, in the early Middle Ages the inherited beliefs from the patristic era in God’s Trinity and the incarnation of the divine Son in Jesus Christ had become problematic, if not unintelligible.
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From its origins, ‘faith’ has been a central category which correlates positively with the high regard for the discipline of theology in Christianity. However, it has been understood in various different ways. Current controversies about faith crystallize around an unusual expression empl...
- Author
- Paul R. Hinlicky
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Spiritual life and practices
Heresy: Early Development of the Concept
He maintained that, having put himself outside the church, Novatian could neither ordain nor administer baptism ( Brent 2010 : 58–70 ): in his subsequent correspondence with Stephen of Rome, he acknowledged no distinction between a baptism that was heretical, being performed in some other name than that of the Trinity, and one that was schismatic yet valid because it had been administered in due form.
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After tracing the evolution in meaning of the Greek word hairesis from ‘choice’ to ‘false belief’, this entry examines the criteria according to which a belief was judged to be heretical, either by particular controversialists or by bodies which purported to legislate on behalf of the Chris...
- Author
- Mark Edwards
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Law, Theological movements
Lutheran Ecclesiology
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Lutheran ecclesiology is an outgrowth of a reform movement within the Western church and shares scriptural underpinnings with this broader tradition. The Lutheran reformers’ convictions about the church and the basic contours of an ecclesiology found binding expression in the Lutheran confe...
- Author
- Jonathan Mumme
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theological movements
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