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Angels (malāʾika)
- In Islam, angels (malāʾika) are spiritual beings created by God, tasked with various roles that include delivering revelations, recording human deeds, and serving as guardians. After a short overview of angels in Islam, this entry begins with a description of the role angels play in the Qur...
- Author
- Stephen Burge
- Faith tradition
- Islam
- Topics
- Being and existence
Theological Language
- Theological language is, in its most direct sense, language about God, though questions pertaining to language about God quickly raise further questions about how we speak of creatures. The task of speaking rightly – accurately, reverently, appropriately – about God and all things in relati...
- Author
- Jarek M. Jankowski
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theological methods
The History of Science and Theology
- This entry offers a history of the different ways in which the formal study of the natural world has been related to theological considerations in the Western Christian tradition. Because what counts as science and what counts as theology has changed over time, it begins with a history of t...
- Author
- Peter Harrison
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Philosophy and science
Analytic Theology
- In Christian theology, the term ‘analytic theology’ refers both narrowly to a particular kind of scholarly activity and more broadly to an overall style or approach to doing theology. It may also refer to what some characterize as an intellectual culture – ‘a rough grouping within a particu...
- Author
- Michael Rea
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theological methods
Soul-Body Dualism and Science
- This entry begins with a consideration of what a soul is and whether it is reasonable to believe in its existence. It then looks at what, if anything, the Bible teaches about the existence of the soul, and whether there are non-biblical reasons for believing in the soul’s existence. Some bibl...
- Author
- Stewart Goetz
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Philosophy and science
Systematic Theology in the Nordic Countries after 1945
- Christian systematic theologies in the Nordic countries share common traits in terms of their Lutheran heritage and the close relationship between church and state (‘folk-church’) organizations that have dominated church life and theological reasoning up until the present. Although internat...
- Author
- Jan-Olav Henriksen
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Theological movements
Sovereignty
- The article presents sovereignty within the context of Christian theology, not as an abstract concept of political theory and action but as a complex historical concept which reflects how power can be generated and performatively exercised as a dynamic and relational phenomenon. It presents...
- Author
- Rebekka Klein
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Yoga
- Yoga represents both a philosophy and a practice, with the goal of liberation. Although ascetic practices existed previously, and the word yoga appears in the Vedas, the first definition is in the Kaṭha Upaniṣad, where it is described as ‘the steady restraint of the senses’, building on the...
- Author
- Zoë Slatoff
- Faith tradition
- Hinduism
- Topics
- Spiritual life and practices
The Natures, Minds, and Wills of Christ in Christian Philosophy
- This article surveys the controversies concerning Jesus’ natures, minds, and wills. It begins with an overview of the debates concerning the exegesis of relevant scriptural passages; the historical controversies leading up to the landmark Chalcedonian Definition (451 CE); and significant ...
- Author
- Andrew Ter Ern Loke
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
Divine Energies
- This article discusses the historical origins and the development of the Eastern Orthodox doctrine of the divine energies. After a brief discussion of Aristotle and Plotinus, an overview is given of the relevant biblical material in the Old and New Testament. The article then looks at the...
- Author
- Christoph Schneider
- Faith tradition
- Christianity
- Topics
- Being and existence
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